Tag Archives: alternative

Hotter Planet Will Make Corn Ethanol Unviable

June 5, 2013 If climate change continues at its current pace, in 40 years a hotter planet will lower corn production by 7 percent while requiring a 9 percent increase in irrigation water, putting US biofuel goals out of reach, says a study by University of California, Davis and Rice University researchers. The study, published in the American Chemical Society’s journal, Environmental Science and Technology , says climate change will hinder US goals of producing 15 billion gallons of ethanol by 2022 to blend with fossil fuel, as per the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007. Pedro Alvarez, the head of Rice’s civil and environmental engineering department and lead author of the study, says the cost of water will spiral and outweigh concerns about emissions from fossil fuels, creating a trade-off. For the study, Alvarez’s team built computer simulations based on crop data from the nation’s top 10 corn-producing states: Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, Minnesota, Indiana, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Missouri and Kansas. They used estimates of carbon dioxide and other elements from a number of models, including the government’s Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model. The simulations predict crop outcomes over the next 40 years in relation to expectations of climate change. The study found that the Corn Belt states and the Great Lakes region rely primarily on rainfall that would change its patterns, necessitating a 5 percent to 25 percent increase in irrigation, which would in turn require water catchment infrastructure. In the Great Plains region including South Dakota, Nebraska and Kansas, which rely heavily on irrigation, drought has already begun affecting farmland. This will lead to a decline in crop yields, even with continued irrigation. The Rice study calculates that the production of 1 liter of gasoline requires 3 liters of water, whereas the production of 1 liter of corn ethanol requires between 350 and 1,400 liters of water from irrigation, depending on the location. This is not the first time Alvarez has raised the red flag — he has been questioning US support of biofuel as a means to cut vehicle emissions since 2010, when he raised the issue in a white paper published by Rice’s Baker Institute of Public Policy . In 2009, Alvarez estimated that it would take 50 gallons of water to grow enough corn in Nebraska to produce the ethanol needed to drive one mile, in an Environmental Science and Technology report. Although the plains and the western US are still in the worst drought in more than 50 years, in April Reuters reported that this year’s corn, soybean and wheat harvest will be better than the summer of 2012. Continue reading

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Carbon Cap & Trade Builds Global Momentum

By EV World Editorial Staff Policymakers in Washington, D.C. might be mired in the politics of intransigence, especially when it comes to carbon dioxide emissions, but California and nine U.S. states in northeast aren’t. They are taking action by implementing carbon cap & trade auctions to begin to reign in emissions of the climate-altering greenhouse gas, which just climbed past 400 parts per million (ppm) in Earth’s atmosphere – a concentration not seen in literally millions of years. And they aren’t alone, cities, regions and nations around the planet are starting to take similar action and what is emerging, according to Silvio Marccaci, is the beginning of a global trading system that will eventually link China, Australia, the European Union, and others, including those U.S. states and Canadian provinces astute and prescient enough to join in. Marcacci is a Washington, D.C.-based analyst who closely follows the Cap & Trade scene and writes about it for The Energy Collective and CleanTechnica websites. It was his article in the latter online publication about California’s recent, and third, carbon allowance auction that attracted EV World’s attention. Launched in 2012, the auction, which has the force of state law behind it, has completely sold out of its allowances at more than $14 a ton. That’s above the $10 floor. It turns out that what California is doing is just the tip of the proverbial iceberg, which might be a endangered metaphor, itself, on a warming planet. There are various carbon trading schemes popping up all around the planet. In fact, in a subsequent article appearing in the same publication, he reports that the World Bank has now identified 60 carbon pricing systems that are either already in place, like California’s or the even older Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, known as RGGI (pronounced ‘Reggie’), which is comprised of nine member states in the U.S. northeast, or are set to take effect shortly. Conservatives have long criticized such schemes as harming the global competitiveness of the United States. Fossil fuel lobbyists and their political allies have long thwarted efforts to implement either Cap & Trade or carbon taxes at the national level. Even President Barrack Obama has let it be known he won’t be spending on political capital on it. But then he may not have to, because states may be solving the problem among themselves, and with surprising economic payoffs. Marccaci points out that the one sector of California’s economy that has grown through the recession has been its ‘green’ energy sector from smart grid start-up in Silicon Valley to solar installers in San Diego, business is booming, in part because of the state’s progressive policies. One of those policies is to take the proceeds from the auctions and return 85% of it back to California rate payers in the form of a twice yearly credit on their utility bills. The remaining 15% is used to continue the build-out of green energy technologies. Meanwhile, pollution-wracked China recently announced that it, too, would be placing a cap on carbon emissions, joining up with the EU in a pan-continent trading system. Australia’s flawed carbon tax is being transitioned to a Cap & Trade system that will tie into one with New Zealand. The national governments of Chile, Brazil, Turkey and Ukraine, and Japan are reportedly considering creating similar systems. South Korea’s system is already in place and set to take effect. In this nearly 30 minute-long conversation with EV World’s publisher Bill Moore, Marcacci makes the case that what we’re seeing is the beginning to a global system to control and steadily begin to ratchet-down carbon emissions on a planetary scale, driven by the realization that if we don’t reign in CO2 we are on a path to average global temperatures which will make human civilization, as we know it, impossible to maintain. In his “World Bank Finds 60 Carbon Pricing Systems” article, Marccaci concludes: “If enough carbon pricing systems are online or planned by the next United Nations climate meetings, the power of international carbon markets as an economic and environmental stimulus may be too hard to ignore.” Continue reading

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China Sticks to Carbon-Intensity Target, Dismisses CO2 Cap

By Alex Morales – Jun 4, 2013 China’s Chief Climate Negotiator Su Wei reaffirmed his nation’s commitment to lower emissions relative to economic output while dismissing reports that it will adopt an absolute cap on greenhouse gases . The Financial Times and Independent newspapers both said last month that China is looking to introduce a cap in 2016. The Independent cited a proposal by the National Development and Reform Commission, the economic planning agency where Su works. The FT cited Jiang Kejun, an NDRC carbon-policy researcher. “The paper quoted an expert,” Su said today in an interview in Bonn, where two weeks of climate talks began yesterday. “It’s not necessarily presenting the view of the government or the NDRC. The NDRC would reaffirm that we have committed to a carbon-intensity target by 2020.” Su’s comments are the first by a senior Chinese negotiator since the reports were published. While not an outright denial, they suggest China isn’t ready to announce a cap at the United Nations talks in Germany , where such a move may have spurred other nations to step up measures against global warming. “What I have seen so far is speculation in the press, but I haven’t seen China really coming out and saying it,” Artur Runge-Metzger, the European Commission’s lead envoy at the talks, said in an interview. “It could really unlock the negotiations and show leadership by China. It could be changing the game, depending on the content.” Largest Emitter Envoys are waiting for China to take leadership because it’s the biggest emitter, said Fuqiang Yang, senior adviser on energy, environment and climate change for the Washington-based Natural Resources Defense Council’s China program. “An absolute peaking of Chinese emissions is one scenario, and they’re looking at many possibilities,” Yang said in an interview in Bonn. “They’re not yet ready to pick one of the scenarios to announce internationally.” Envoys at the UN talks aim to craft a new climate treaty by 2015 that will take effect in 2020. They’re also discussing how to raise emission-reduction targets in the meantime, with the World Bank warning that global temperatures may increase by 4 degrees Celsius, double the internationally agreed goal. The average concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere exceeded 400 parts per million last month for the first time at the Hawaiian monitoring station that first began tracking the gas in 1958. That threshold hasn’t been passed in millions of years, scientific studies show. Behind Schedule “Allowing the concentration to rise further would be suicidal,” Nepalese envoy Prakash Mathema told delegates today in Bonn. “We are behind schedule and time is not on our side.” The emphasis at previous UN talks has been for developed nations to take the lead by adopting absolute emission caps, with developing countries taking voluntary measures. The 2015 deal will mark the first time developing nations accept binding targets, and pressure has mounted on China to boost its efforts. China’s current goal is to reduce emissions per dollar of economic output by 40 percent to 45 percent in 2020, from 2005 levels. With a growing economy, that may still allow emissions to rise, whereas an absolute cap would set a carbon ceiling. “There are lots of ways we can achieve the carbon-intensity target by 2020,” Su said. “We would certainly make arrangements in both the 12th and 13th five-year plans to achieve that objective.” The 12th of China’s five-year plans, which chart economic priorities and targets, runs from 2011 through 2015, and the 13th runs through 2020. To contact the reporter on this story: Alex Morales in Bonn via amorales2@bloomberg.net . To contact the editor responsible for this story: Reed Landberg via landberg@bloomberg.net . Continue reading

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